Analgesic, antiasthmatic, carminative, stomachic and vermifuge (whole plant); carminative (leaves).

Vermifuge (whole plant)

Taken as a pectoral (decoction of rind or leaves); astringent, tonic and stimulant (bark); tonic, diuretic and febrifuge (seed); diuretic, febrifuge and vermifuge (dried latex)

Lowers blood lipids and cholesterol, reduces stress, builds endurance and vigor, estrogenic, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, stimulant and tonic. An acid exudation from the seedpods is astringent.

Abortifacient, analgesic, anesthetic, anthelminthic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiseptic, cardiodepressant, cardiotonic, gastrostimulant, hypotensive, oxytocic, stimulant, teratogenic, tonic, uterotonic.

Depresses the central nervous system (root and stem) and relaxes muscles (root); anthelmintic, astringent, reduces fever, antihistaminic and diuretic, antileukemic.

Antirheumatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, aperitif, bactericidal, febrifuge, restorative, tonic, diuretic and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); anthelmintic and antibilious (fruit juice), antiemetic, antitussive, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive and expectorant (fruit). An oil obtained from the seeds contains linolenic acid, which has the ability to reduce cholesterol level in the blood.

Laxative and anthelmintic (root); stimulant (fruit); anticancer (aerial part).

As anthelmintic (decoction of leaves); antiseptic and analgesic (crushed leaves); as a tonic by pregnant women (root decoction).

Stomachic, coolant, and anthelmintic (ripe fruit); antiinflammatory (plant)

Alleviates spasms and anticancer (50% EtOH plant extract); anthelmintic and rubefacient (seed); analgesic (leaf sap); antipyretic (root decoction)

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Diaphoretic, rubefacient and vesicant (leaves); blistering and rubefacient (seed and leaf); anthelmintic, carminative, rubefacient and vesicant (seeds); rubifacient, vesicant, sudorific and antifungal properties (leaves); irritant, acrid, rubifacient and vesicant (bark).

Anthelmintic, tonic and vermifuge (leaf); anti-inflammatory and inhibits lipid peroxidation of cell membranes (Kumar)

Acrid, laxative (seed, root and its bark), diuretic (root bark), alexiteric, anthelmintic, purgative, demulcent, tonic, alleviates spasms (root).

Antipruritic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, astringent, carminative, discutient, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary (seed)

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, bactericidal, depurative, diuretic, purgative, refrigerant and stomachic as an emollient (oil extract) on the immune system, The milky juice is a refrigerant.

The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative and vermifuge (fruits); antitumor (plant); antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic (seed without husk); anthelmintic (decoction of the roots).

Tonic and astringent (bark); anthelminthic, purgative and taenicide (root bark)